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wild parsnip, and emerald ash borer. Hemlock wooly adelgid, box tree moth, spotted lanternfly, spotted wing drosophila, and European cherry fruit fly; and, beech bark disease and beech leaf disease, both caused by fungi. vi. Climate Impact: Climate Migration Climate migration is the migration of peoples from areas of the world due to climate-change related environmental shifts to areas that are more environmentally hospitable. Among others, rising sea levels, droughts, and extreme heat are reasons why people have migrated, and will continue to migrate, to climate oasis areas. Climate migration is anticipated to only increase over the coming decades as climate change intensifies. The greater Buffalo region, as a substantially more climate-resilient and less vulnerable area than other parts of the world, can be expected to receive many of these migrants, including the Town of Aurora, at least in small part. Increased population can cause increased housing costs, increased development pressures, and possibly displace existing low and moderate-income residents. vii. Climate Impact: Social Justice Related to climate migration, climate change has and will continue to affect social justice and deepen social inequalities. Climate oasis areas like the greater Buffalo region have the potential to experience substantial increases in property values, which can lead to gentrification. This displacement can cause or exacerbate other social vulnerabilities, particularly in the areas that are left behind in favor of areas with fewer climate vulnerabilities. The social vulnerability assessment done for Erie County reveals high potential for social vulnerability near Buffalo’s downtown, but also in rural areas, including the Town of Aurora. That said, the Town of Aurora also has extensive social support infrastructure, including social services, food and clothing pantries, affordable housing options, senior services, and more. These resources, whether publicly maintained or operated by non-profits, can be strengthened and broadened in the coming years to accommodate a larger, and more culturally diverse, population. B. Flooding i. Definition of Flooding Flooding has been identified as the primary climate hazard for the Town of Aurora. Flooding is defined by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the agency also responsible for administering the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). The risk of flooding in a particular area is defined in terms of the 100-year and 500-year floodplains. In river systems (which affect the Town of Aurora), as opposed to coastal systems, flooding is expressed in flow rate, which is then used to estimate the water elevation during a flood. A 100-year flood level has the probability to be reached or exceeded once per 100 years on average. In other words, the likelihood of the flood occurring has a 1 in 100 chance, or 1% probability, in any given year. The same goes for the 500-year flood, which has a 1 in 500 chance or 0.2% probability of occurring in any given year. The floodplain is the geographic area that is estimated to be affected by the 100-year or 500-year flood in any given year. Per the ECMHMP, the boundaries of floodplains can be altered as a result of changes in land use, the amount of impervious surface, improvements in technology for measuring topographic features, and the utilization of different hydrologic modeling techniques. The 1% and 0.2% chances of a flood occurring in any given year do not mean that a flood in a particular area will only happen once every 100 or every 500 years. Variations always occur and the climate is affected by a myriad of other factors, including previous climate cycles. Within a 100-year floodplain, 112